Students will know how land-based empires expanded through military technology, administrative systems, and belief systems. They will know how rulers legitimized power and how religious developments contributed to conflict and continuity within empires.

Students will explain imperial expansion and administration, analyze belief systems using sourcing skills, and compare methods of rule across empires. They will practice argumentation using historical reasoning.

Students will complete multiple-choice questions, short-answer questions with primary sources, and a partial long-essay response centered on imperial comparison.